Ancient Greece is known for its remarkable architectural achievements. One of the most notable features of Ancient Greek architecture is the use of columns. Columns were an essential element in Greek architecture and were used to support the weight of buildings, create grand entrances, and provide a sense of symmetry and order.
There are three types of columns in Ancient Greece: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Each column has distinct characteristics that make it unique. In this article, we will explore each type in detail.
The Doric Column
The Doric column is the oldest and simplest type of column. It was used extensively in mainland Greece and was the preferred style for temples and other monumental buildings. The Doric column has no base, which means it rests directly on the platform or ground.
The most distinctive feature of the Doric column is its capital, which is plain and circular with no ornamentation. The shaft of the column is fluted with parallel vertical grooves that extend from top to bottom. The height-to-diameter ratio for a Doric column is typically 4:1.
Characteristics of a Doric Column
- No base
- Plain circular capital
- Fluted shaft with parallel vertical grooves
- Height-to-diameter ratio of 4:1
The Ionic Column
The Ionic column was developed in eastern Greece and became popular during the classical period. It was used mostly for smaller buildings such as shrines and temples. Unlike the Doric column, the Ionic column has a base that provides additional stability.
The capital of an Ionic column is more ornate than that of a Doric column. It consists of a pair of volutes or spirals at each corner that are connected by an arch.
The shaft of the column is also fluted, but the grooves are deeper and closer together than those of a Doric column. The height-to-diameter ratio for an Ionic column is typically 9:1.
Characteristics of an Ionic Column
- Has a base
- Ornate capital with volutes and arches
- Fluted shaft with deeper and closer grooves than a Doric column
- Height-to-diameter ratio of 9:1
The Corinthian Column
The Corinthian column is the most decorative and elaborate type of column. It was created during the Hellenistic period and was used mostly for interiors, such as in the Temple of Olympian Zeus in Athens. The Corinthian column has a base, like the Ionic column, but its capital is much more ornate.
The capital of a Corinthian column is shaped like an inverted bell with acanthus leaves and flowers that curl outward. The shaft is fluted like the other two types but with more slender proportions. The height-to-diameter ratio for a Corinthian column is typically 10:1.
Characteristics of a Corinthian Column
- Has a base
- Elaborate capital shaped like an inverted bell with acanthus leaves and flowers
- Fluted shaft with slender proportions compared to other types
- Height-to-diameter ratio of 10:1
In conclusion, columns were an integral part of Ancient Greek architecture, providing both function and beauty to their buildings. The Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian columns each have unique characteristics that make them stand out. Whether it’s the simplicity of the Doric, the elegance of the Ionic, or the ornamentation of the Corinthian, these columns continue to inspire and awe us today.