India is a land of ancient civilizations, and one of the oldest ones to have flourished on its soil is the Indus Valley Civilization. The civilization was located in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, mainly in present-day Pakistan and northwest India.
The Indus Valley Civilization
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the most advanced civilizations of its time, which existed between 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE. It was also known as the Harappan civilization because of its first discovery in Harappa, a small village in Punjab province, Pakistan. Later, more archaeological sites were uncovered around the region, such as Mohenjo-Daro, Dholavira, Rakhigarhi, and Lothal.
Geographical Location
The Indus Valley Civilization was situated along the banks of the Indus River and its tributaries. The region has fertile alluvial soil that helped in agricultural activities and supported the growth of human settlements. The civilization covered an area of over a million square kilometers across present-day Pakistan and northwest India.
The Cities
The cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were two major settlements that flourished during this period. These cities were built on a grid-like pattern with well-planned streets and buildings made up of baked bricks. The houses had two or three stories with flat roofs that were used for various purposes like drying crops or sleeping under open skies during hot nights.
Economy
The economy of the Indus Valley Civilization was mainly based on agriculture where farmers grew wheat, barley, peas, cotton, etc., using irrigation systems to water their crops. They also traded with other regions for goods like precious stones, metals like copper and bronze, shell ornaments, etc.
Language and Writing System
The people of the Indus Valley Civilization used a writing system that has not yet been deciphered. Archaeologists have found various seals and inscriptions with symbols that have not been fully understood. It is believed that the language of the Harappan civilization was Dravidian, but there is no concrete evidence to support this theory.
Decline
The decline of the Indus Valley Civilization is still a mystery, but it is believed to have happened around 1900 BCE. The reasons for its collapse are not clear, but some theories suggest natural disasters like floods or earthquakes or invasions by outsiders.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the Indus Valley Civilization was one of the earliest and most advanced civilizations in human history. The location of this ancient civilization was in present-day Pakistan and northwest India along the banks of the Indus River and its tributaries. The civilization had well-planned cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, a thriving economy based on agriculture and trade, a unique writing system that remains undeciphered to this day, and an eventual decline that still puzzles historians and archaeologists alike.
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